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JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side web development. It was the originating dialect of the ECMAScript standard. It is a dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based language with first-class functions. JavaScript was influenced by many languages and was designed to look like Java, but be easier for non-programmers to work with.Although best known for its use in websites (as client-side JavaScript), JavaScript is also used to enable scripting access to objects embedded in other applications .JavaScript, despite the name, is essentially unrelated to the Java programming language, although both have the common C syntax, and JavaScript copies many Java names and naming conventions. The language was originally named “LiveScript” but was renamed in a co-marketing deal between Netscape and Sun, in exchange for Netscape bundling Sun’s Java runtime with their then-dominant browser. The key design principles within JavaScript are inherited from the Self and Scheme programming languages.”JavaScript” is a trademark of Sun Microsystems. It was used under license for technology invented and implemented by Netscape Communications and current entities such as the Mozilla Foundation.

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Structured programming

JavaScript supports all the structured programming syntax in C (e.g., if statements, while loops, switch statements, etc.). One partial exception is scoping: C-style block-level scoping is not supported. JavaScript 1.7, however, supports block-level scoping with the let keyword. Like C, JavaScript makes a distinction between expressions and statements.

[edit] Dynamic programming

dynamic typing
As in most scripting languages, types are associated with values, not variables. For example, a variable x could be bound to a number, then later rebound to a string. JavaScript supports various ways to test the type of an object, including duck typing.[8]
objects as associative arrays
JavaScript is heavily object-based. Objects are associative arrays, augmented with prototypes (see below). Object property names are associative array keys: obj.x = 10 and obj["x"] = 10 are equivalent, the dot notation being merely syntactic sugar. Properties and their values can be added, changed, or deleted at run-time. The properties of an object can also be enumerated via a for…in loop.
run-time evaluation
JavaScript includes an eval function that can execute statements provided as strings at run-time.

[edit] Function-level programming

first-class functions
Functions are first-class; they are objects themselves. As such, they have properties and can be passed around and interacted with like any other object.
inner functions and closures
Inner functions (functions defined within other functions) are created each time the outer function is invoked, and variables of the outer functions for that invocation continue to exist as long as the inner functions still exist, even after that invocation is finished (e.g. if the inner function was returned, it still has access to the outer function’s variables) — this is the mechanism behind closures within JavaScript.

[edit] Prototype-based

prototypes
JavaScript uses prototypes instead of classes for defining object properties, including methods, and inheritance. It is possible to simulate many class-based features with prototypes in JavaScript.
functions as object constructors
Functions double as object constructors along with their typical role. Prefixing a function call with new creates a new object and calls that function with its local this keyword bound to that object for that invocation. The function’s prototype property determines the new object’s prototype.
functions as methods
Unlike many object-oriented languages, there is no distinction between a function definition and a method definition. Rather, the distinction occurs during function calling; a function can be called as a method. When a function is invoked as a method of an object, the function’s local this keyword is bound to that object for that invocation.

[edit] Others

run-time environment
JavaScript typically relies on a run-time environment (e.g. in a web browser) to provide objects and methods by which scripts can interact with “the outside world”. (This is not a language feature per se, but it is common in most JavaScript implementations.)
variadic functions
An indefinite number of parameters can be passed to a function. The function can both access them through formal parameters and the local arguments object.
array and object literals
Like many scripting languages, arrays and objects (associative arrays in other languages) can be created with a succinct shortcut syntax. The object literal in particular is the basis of the JSON data format.
regular expressions
JavaScript also supports regular expressions in a manner similar to Perl, which provide a concise and powerful syntax for text manipulation that is more sophisticated than the built-in string functions.

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CodeIgniter is an open source web application framework for use in building dynamic web sites with PHP. It enables developers to build applications faster - compared to coding from scratch - by providing a rich set of libraries for commonly needed tasks, as well as a simple interface and a logical structure to access these libraries. The first public version of CodeIgniter was released on February 28, 2006. The latest stable version 1.6.3 was released June 26, 2008.

CodeIgniter encourages use of the model-view-controller architectural pattern.

It shares a number of characteristic concepts and features with other MVC frameworks like Ruby on Rails:

* Support for multiple database platforms
* database access with active records
* Session Management
* Form and Data Validation
* Full Page Caching
* Scaffolding
* Template Engine Class
* Support for Hooks, Class Extensions, and Plugins

Among other MVC frameworks, CodeIgniter positions itself by these properties:

* PHP 4 Compatible. Use with PHP 5 provides benefits such as method chaining ability.
* Light weight codebase
* Simple installation and directory structure
* Error Logging
* Flexible URI Routing

It adds a number of features or classes that other frameworks do not yet offer per default:

* Security and XSS Filtering
* Email Sending Class. Supports Attachments, HTML/Text email, multiple protocols (sendmail, SMTP, and Mail) and more.
* Image Manipulation Library (cropping, resizing, rotating, etc.). Supports GD, ImageMagick, and NetPBM
* File Uploading Class
* FTP Class
* Localization
* Pagination
* Data Encryption
* Benchmarking
* Application Profiling
* Calendaring Class
* User Agent Class
* Zip Encoding Class
* Trackback Class
* XML-RPC Library
* Unit Testing Class
* Search-engine Friendly URLs
* Large library of “helper” functions.

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Web development is a broad term for any activities related with developing a web site for the World Wide Web or an intranet. This can include web design, web content development, client-side/server-side scripting , web server configuration, and third-party software integration. Web development can range from developing the simplest static single page of plain text to the most complex web-based internet applications, electronic businesses, or social network services.

We at Encoders offers professional Website development services to help you successfully plan, create, maintain and market your Web development project.

Whether you’re looking for a complete Internet solution or just a minor update, Encoders can provide your business with a solution that meet your needs. Our team works with you every step of the way to create a web site to your specifications and satisfaction.

Our strengths include fresh and creative graphic design, solid information architecture, and useful Web interactive features including polls, e-newsletters, message boards and forums.

Our focus is on clean looking, fast loading, website design and web page design with intuitive navigation and layout that enables the visitor to find what he or she is looking for quickly and easily.

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Encoders is a professional Web services provider focused on conceiving, developing and delivering customer-focused Internet solutions for the elite as well as small to mid-sized business that are serious about achieving Internet success.

Located in Kolkata (previously-Calcutta), India, we provide an integrated service offering that includes strategic consulting and customer research, graphic design, followed by development and implementation of world-class e-business applications.

Our development team represents one of the leading resources for innovative and sophisticated web-based solutions.Today’s trade spends heavily on e-business solutions and web based applications in order to promote and sell products, provide customer service & management, and consultation with business partners on the web.

Adaptibility , Skill and Proficiency are the tools we use to enhance every business and organization partnership. We share a mark with our clients to generate the maximum return on investment from their website model within the shortest possible span. Part of our commitment to our clients is to regularly upgrade these models with new phases in development, complexity and return on investment.

At Encoders our development team represents one of the leading resources for innovative and sophisticated web-based solutions accompanied with full range of custom, interactive, web development software and tools along with professional Internet strategies.

As a web solutions provider, we help our clients bring the right combination of strategy, experience, design, and technology to every aspect of their Web-based projects.

Our strategy for project development is anchored in a phased approach. This lets us establish a clear set of goals that ensure the quality of work is maintained throughout the entire development process for 100% satisfaction of our clients.

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Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet. A wide variety of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction’s lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to as Business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants.Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.

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A website is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or more web servers, usually accessible via the Internet.

A Web page is a document, typically written in (X)HTML, that is almost always accessible via HTTP, a protocol that transfers information from the Web server to display in the user’s Web browser.All publicly accessible websites are seen collectively as constituting the “World Wide Web”.The pages of websites can usually be accessed from a common root URL called the homepage, and usually reside on the same physical server. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although the hyperlinks between them control how the reader perceives the overall structure and how the traffic flows between the different parts of the sites.Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many business sites, parts of many news sites, academic journal sites, gaming sites, message boards, Web-based e-mail, services, social networking websites, and sites providing real-time stock market data. Because they require authentication to view the content they are technically an Intranetsite Intranet.

Organized by function a website may be

* a personal website
* a commercial website
* a government website
* a non-profit organization website

It could be the work of an individual, a business or other organization and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred.Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to, HTML and are accessed using a software interface classified as an user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptop computers, PDAs and cell phones.A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these system and that retrieves and delivers the Web pages in response to requests from the website users. Apache is the most commonly used Web server software and Microsoft’s Internet Information Server (IIS) is also commonly used.

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Link campaign
Link campaigns are a form of online marketing and SEO. A business seeking to increase the number of visitors to its web site can ask its strategic partners, professional organizations, chambers of commerce, suppliers, and customers to add links from their web sites. A link campaign may involve mutual links back and forth between related sites, but it doesn’t have to require the reciprocation of links.

Incestuous linking
Is an SEO strategy used by a webmaster to promote a collection of their own web sites, or those of close friends.
Due to the domination of the search engine market by Google, and its underlying PageRank technology, sites are deemed to be more important if they have large numbers of inbound links. If those inbound links are also from highly ranked web sites, they will boost the web site further. With the take-up of blogging and social networking sites such as MySpace, this has resulted in lots of web sites that are inter-linked and can artificially improve the ranking of a web site without merit, i.e. without valuable or unique content.When the sites are not directly owned, this is referred to as a web clique.

Overlinking
Overlinking in a webpage or another hyperlinked text is the characteristic of having too many hyperlinks.

It is characterized by:

* A large proportion of the words in each sentence being rendered as links.
* Links that have little information content, such as linking on specific years like 1995, or unnecessary linking of common words used in the common way, for which the reader can be expected to understand the word’s full meaning in context, without any hyperlink help.
* A link for any single term is excessively repeated in the same article. “Excessive” is usually more than one link for the same term in a line or a paragraph, since in this case one or more duplicate links will almost certainly then appear needlessly on the viewer’s screen.

Underlinking
The opposites of overlinking are null linking and underlinking, which are phenomena in which hyperlinks are reduced to such a degree as to remove all pointers to a likely-needed context of an unusual term, in the text-area where the term occurs. Underlinking results whenever a reader encounters an odd term in an article ,and wants to briefly browse more deeply at that point, but he or she cannot without an extensive search of the article for a  instance of the linked term.The extreme case of underlinking is a dead-end page, a page with no links at all. Usability experts discourage making dead-end pages.

Link doping
Link doping  refers to the practice and effects of embedding a large number of gratuitous hyperlinks on a website, in exchange for reciprocal links. Mainly used when describing blogs, link doping usually implies that a person hyperlinks to sites he or she has never visited, in return for a place on the website’s blogroll, for the sole purpose of inflating the apparent popularity of his or her website. Since the search algorithms of many web directories and search engines rely on the number of hyperlinks to a website to determine its importance or influence, link doping can result in a high placement or ranking for the offending website.Originally used in an essay published in Sobriquet Magazine and on Blogcritics.org, link doping has been confused with the related practice of excessive hyperlinking, also known as “link whoring”. While the two phrases may be used interchangeably to describe gratuitous linking, link doping carries the additional connotation of deliberately striving to attain a certain level of success for one’s website without having earned it through hard work.

Free for all linking

A free for all (FFA) link page is a web page set up ostensibly to improve the search engine placement of a particular web site. Webmasters typically will use software to place a link to their site on hundreds of FFA sites, hoping that the resulting incoming links will increase the ranking of their site in search engines. Experts in SEO techniques do not place much value on FFAs. First, most FFAs only maintain a small number of links for a short time, too short for most search engines to pick up. Second, the high “human” traffic to FFA sites is almost completely other webmasters visiting the site to place their own links manually. Finally, search engine algorithms count more than link numbers, they also check relevancy which the unrelated links on FFA sites do not have. Another drawback to FFAs is the amount of spam e-mail webmasters will receive from members of the FFA. Using an FFA can be considered a form of spamdexing.

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Reciprocal link
A reciprocal link is a mutual link between two objects, commonly between two websites to ensure mutual traffic. Example: Alice and Bob have websites. If Bob’s website links to Alice’s website, and Alice’s website links to Bob’s website, the websites are reciprocally linked. Website owners often submit their sites to reciprocal link exchange directories, in order to achieve higher rankings in the search engines. Reciprocal linking between websites is an important part of the search engine optimization process because Google uses link popularity algorithms to rank websites for relevancy.

Three way linking
Three way linking (site1 - site2 -  site3 - site1) is a special type of reciprocal linking. The attempt of this link building method is to create more “natural” links in the eyes of search engines. The value of links by three-way linking can then be better than normal reciprocal links, which are usually done between two domains.

Automated linking
In order to take advantage of the need for inbound links to rank well in the search engines, a number of automatic link exchange services have been launched. Members of these schemes will typically agree to have several links added to all their web pages in return for getting similar links back from other sites.

Link exchange
An alternative to the automated linking above is a link exchange forum, in which members will advertise the sites that they want to get links to, and will in turn offer reciprocal or three way links back to the sites that link to them. The links generated through such services are subject to editorial review.

One-way linking
One-way link is a term used among webmasters for link building methods. It is a hyperlink that points to a website without any reciprocal link; thus the link goes “one-way” in direction. It is suspected by many industry consultants that this type of link would be considered more natural in the eyes of search engines. One-way links are also called Incoming Links or Inbound Links.

An effective way to build this type of one-way linking is by distributing articles through content sites and article directories. These articles generally contain an About The Author box that contains a one-way link back to the author’s URL. When publishers use these articles, those one-way links help authors increase their page rank.

Multi-way linking
Multi-way linking is a technique used for website promotion whereby websites may create similar one-way links that each involves 3 or more partner sites. This provides each website with a one-way non-reciprocal link. This technique has evolved from reciprocal linking. According to Google and Yahoo, the latest search algorithms have evolved to hold less favor towards websites that contain a high percentage of reciprocated links, and a higher favor towards websites that maintain a high level of incoming non-reciprocated (one-way) links.

The term multi-way simply refers to the fact that the link exchange is between 3 or more websites, however each link is singular by only pointing to one other website. Other means of linking that may increase your web presence may also include other indirect methods such as loading images, videos, content or RSS feeds from a third partners website.

Encoders

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Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can be applied to any kind of XML document, including SVG and XUL.

CSS can be used locally by the readers of web pages to define colors, fonts, layout, and other aspects of document presentation. It is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content  from document presentation .This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content. CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice  and on Braille-based, tactile devices. CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities or weights are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable

encoders

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Dating is fun. Dating gives you an opportunity to select your life-partner. It also needs lot of skills to succeed. Small things matter in dating and once you learn that art, you can proceed cheerfully to date and get a partner with whom you will be happy. A Net dating service, also known as online dating .This free online dating service requires members to fill out an extensive personality profile that helps the service match members with one another. By delving deep into your personality and it’s able to match you with other online dating service members who are highly compatible. The online dating system allows individuals, couples and groups to meet online and possibly develop a romantic or sexual relationship. Such services generally allow people to provide personal information, then search for other individuals using criteria such as age range, gender and location.

Some online dating site offers quality matches based on:

1>Character and constitution

2>Personality

3>Emotional makeup and skills

4>Family and values

It is common to see online dating websites providing webcam chats between members to make dating even more convenient than ever. as the online dating population becomes larger, sites with specific demographics are becoming more popular as a way to narrow the pool of potential matches.

The business model for most free dating websites is simple, if the website is free, the more hits you get, the more advertising reveneu you get.Most make use of tools such as Google adsence and other such paid per click advertising methods. Every time a visitor clicks on an advert, it generates revenue. For smaller sites this may seem minuscule, but for sites like plenty of fish with over 38 million visitors each month, the income potential is rather substantial.

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