DATING ARTICLES

Ajax (asynchronous JavaScript and XML), or AJAX, is a group of interrelated web development techniques used for creating interactive web applications or rich Internet applications. With Ajax, web applications can retrieve data from the server asynchronously in the background without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page.Data is retrieved using the XMLHttpRequest object or through the use of Remote Scripting in browsers that do not support it. Despite the name, the use of JavaScript, XML, or asynchrony is not required.

The term Ajax has come to represent a broad group of web technologies that can be used to implement a web application that communicates with a server in the background, without interfering with the current state of the page. In the article that coined the term Ajax, Jesse James Garrett explained that it refers specifically to these technologies:

* XHTML and CSS for presentation
* the Document Object Model for dynamic display of and interaction with data
* XML and XSLT for the interchange and manipulation of data, respectively
* the XMLHttpRequest object for asynchronous communication
* JavaScript to bring these technologies together

Since then, however, there have been a number of developments in the technologies used in an Ajax application, and the definition of the term Ajax. In particular, it has been noted that:

* JavaScript is not the only client-side scripting language that can be used for implementing an Ajax application. Other languages such as VBScript are also capable of the required functionality.
* the XMLHttpRequest object is not necessary for asynchronous communication. It has been noted that IFrames are capable of the same effect.
* XML is not required for data interchange and therefore XSLT is not required for the manipulation of data. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is often used as an alternative format for data interchange, although other formats such as preformatted HTML or plain text can also be used.

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Ajax (asynchronous JavaScript and XML), or AJAX, is a group of interrelated web development techniques used for creating interactive web applications or rich Internet applications. With Ajax, web applications can retrieve data from the server asynchronously in the background without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page.Data is retrieved using the XMLHttpRequest object or through the use of Remote Scripting in browsers that do not support it. Despite the name, the use of JavaScript, XML, or asynchrony is not required.

The term Ajax has come to represent a broad group of web technologies that can be used to implement a web application that communicates with a server in the background, without interfering with the current state of the page. In the article that coined the term Ajax, Jesse James Garrett explained that it refers specifically to these technologies:

* XHTML and CSS for presentation
* the Document Object Model for dynamic display of and interaction with data
* XML and XSLT for the interchange and manipulation of data, respectively
* the XMLHttpRequest object for asynchronous communication
* JavaScript to bring these technologies together

Since then, however, there have been a number of developments in the technologies used in an Ajax application, and the definition of the term Ajax. In particular, it has been noted that:

* JavaScript is not the only client-side scripting language that can be used for implementing an Ajax application. Other languages such as VBScript are also capable of the required functionality.
* the XMLHttpRequest object is not necessary for asynchronous communication. It has been noted that IFrames are capable of the same effect.
* XML is not required for data interchange and therefore XSLT is not required for the manipulation of data. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is often used as an alternative format for data interchange, although other formats such as preformatted HTML or plain text can also be used.

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JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side web development. It was the originating dialect of the ECMAScript standard. It is a dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based language with first-class functions. JavaScript was influenced by many languages and was designed to look like Java, but be easier for non-programmers to work with.Although best known for its use in websites (as client-side JavaScript), JavaScript is also used to enable scripting access to objects embedded in other applications .JavaScript, despite the name, is essentially unrelated to the Java programming language, although both have the common C syntax, and JavaScript copies many Java names and naming conventions. The language was originally named “LiveScript” but was renamed in a co-marketing deal between Netscape and Sun, in exchange for Netscape bundling Sun’s Java runtime with their then-dominant browser. The key design principles within JavaScript are inherited from the Self and Scheme programming languages.”JavaScript” is a trademark of Sun Microsystems. It was used under license for technology invented and implemented by Netscape Communications and current entities such as the Mozilla Foundation.

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Structured programming

JavaScript supports all the structured programming syntax in C (e.g., if statements, while loops, switch statements, etc.). One partial exception is scoping: C-style block-level scoping is not supported. JavaScript 1.7, however, supports block-level scoping with the let keyword. Like C, JavaScript makes a distinction between expressions and statements.

[edit] Dynamic programming

dynamic typing
As in most scripting languages, types are associated with values, not variables. For example, a variable x could be bound to a number, then later rebound to a string. JavaScript supports various ways to test the type of an object, including duck typing.[8]
objects as associative arrays
JavaScript is heavily object-based. Objects are associative arrays, augmented with prototypes (see below). Object property names are associative array keys: obj.x = 10 and obj["x"] = 10 are equivalent, the dot notation being merely syntactic sugar. Properties and their values can be added, changed, or deleted at run-time. The properties of an object can also be enumerated via a for…in loop.
run-time evaluation
JavaScript includes an eval function that can execute statements provided as strings at run-time.

[edit] Function-level programming

first-class functions
Functions are first-class; they are objects themselves. As such, they have properties and can be passed around and interacted with like any other object.
inner functions and closures
Inner functions (functions defined within other functions) are created each time the outer function is invoked, and variables of the outer functions for that invocation continue to exist as long as the inner functions still exist, even after that invocation is finished (e.g. if the inner function was returned, it still has access to the outer function’s variables) — this is the mechanism behind closures within JavaScript.

[edit] Prototype-based

prototypes
JavaScript uses prototypes instead of classes for defining object properties, including methods, and inheritance. It is possible to simulate many class-based features with prototypes in JavaScript.
functions as object constructors
Functions double as object constructors along with their typical role. Prefixing a function call with new creates a new object and calls that function with its local this keyword bound to that object for that invocation. The function’s prototype property determines the new object’s prototype.
functions as methods
Unlike many object-oriented languages, there is no distinction between a function definition and a method definition. Rather, the distinction occurs during function calling; a function can be called as a method. When a function is invoked as a method of an object, the function’s local this keyword is bound to that object for that invocation.

[edit] Others

run-time environment
JavaScript typically relies on a run-time environment (e.g. in a web browser) to provide objects and methods by which scripts can interact with “the outside world”. (This is not a language feature per se, but it is common in most JavaScript implementations.)
variadic functions
An indefinite number of parameters can be passed to a function. The function can both access them through formal parameters and the local arguments object.
array and object literals
Like many scripting languages, arrays and objects (associative arrays in other languages) can be created with a succinct shortcut syntax. The object literal in particular is the basis of the JSON data format.
regular expressions
JavaScript also supports regular expressions in a manner similar to Perl, which provide a concise and powerful syntax for text manipulation that is more sophisticated than the built-in string functions.

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CodeIgniter is an open source web application framework for use in building dynamic web sites with PHP. It enables developers to build applications faster - compared to coding from scratch - by providing a rich set of libraries for commonly needed tasks, as well as a simple interface and a logical structure to access these libraries. The first public version of CodeIgniter was released on February 28, 2006. The latest stable version 1.6.3 was released June 26, 2008.

CodeIgniter encourages use of the model-view-controller architectural pattern.

It shares a number of characteristic concepts and features with other MVC frameworks like Ruby on Rails:

* Support for multiple database platforms
* database access with active records
* Session Management
* Form and Data Validation
* Full Page Caching
* Scaffolding
* Template Engine Class
* Support for Hooks, Class Extensions, and Plugins

Among other MVC frameworks, CodeIgniter positions itself by these properties:

* PHP 4 Compatible. Use with PHP 5 provides benefits such as method chaining ability.
* Light weight codebase
* Simple installation and directory structure
* Error Logging
* Flexible URI Routing

It adds a number of features or classes that other frameworks do not yet offer per default:

* Security and XSS Filtering
* Email Sending Class. Supports Attachments, HTML/Text email, multiple protocols (sendmail, SMTP, and Mail) and more.
* Image Manipulation Library (cropping, resizing, rotating, etc.). Supports GD, ImageMagick, and NetPBM
* File Uploading Class
* FTP Class
* Localization
* Pagination
* Data Encryption
* Benchmarking
* Application Profiling
* Calendaring Class
* User Agent Class
* Zip Encoding Class
* Trackback Class
* XML-RPC Library
* Unit Testing Class
* Search-engine Friendly URLs
* Large library of “helper” functions.

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Web development is a broad term for any activities related with developing a web site for the World Wide Web or an intranet. This can include web design, web content development, client-side/server-side scripting , web server configuration, and third-party software integration. Web development can range from developing the simplest static single page of plain text to the most complex web-based internet applications, electronic businesses, or social network services.

We at Encoders offers professional Website development services to help you successfully plan, create, maintain and market your Web development project.

Whether you’re looking for a complete Internet solution or just a minor update, Encoders can provide your business with a solution that meet your needs. Our team works with you every step of the way to create a web site to your specifications and satisfaction.

Our strengths include fresh and creative graphic design, solid information architecture, and useful Web interactive features including polls, e-newsletters, message boards and forums.

Our focus is on clean looking, fast loading, website design and web page design with intuitive navigation and layout that enables the visitor to find what he or she is looking for quickly and easily.

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Encoders is a professional Web services provider focused on conceiving, developing and delivering customer-focused Internet solutions for the elite as well as small to mid-sized business that are serious about achieving Internet success.

Located in Kolkata (previously-Calcutta), India, we provide an integrated service offering that includes strategic consulting and customer research, graphic design, followed by development and implementation of world-class e-business applications.

Our development team represents one of the leading resources for innovative and sophisticated web-based solutions.Today’s trade spends heavily on e-business solutions and web based applications in order to promote and sell products, provide customer service & management, and consultation with business partners on the web.

Adaptibility , Skill and Proficiency are the tools we use to enhance every business and organization partnership. We share a mark with our clients to generate the maximum return on investment from their website model within the shortest possible span. Part of our commitment to our clients is to regularly upgrade these models with new phases in development, complexity and return on investment.

At Encoders our development team represents one of the leading resources for innovative and sophisticated web-based solutions accompanied with full range of custom, interactive, web development software and tools along with professional Internet strategies.

As a web solutions provider, we help our clients bring the right combination of strategy, experience, design, and technology to every aspect of their Web-based projects.

Our strategy for project development is anchored in a phased approach. This lets us establish a clear set of goals that ensure the quality of work is maintained throughout the entire development process for 100% satisfaction of our clients.

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Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet. A wide variety of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction’s lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to as Business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants.Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.

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A website is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or more web servers, usually accessible via the Internet.

A Web page is a document, typically written in (X)HTML, that is almost always accessible via HTTP, a protocol that transfers information from the Web server to display in the user’s Web browser.All publicly accessible websites are seen collectively as constituting the “World Wide Web”.The pages of websites can usually be accessed from a common root URL called the homepage, and usually reside on the same physical server. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although the hyperlinks between them control how the reader perceives the overall structure and how the traffic flows between the different parts of the sites.Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many business sites, parts of many news sites, academic journal sites, gaming sites, message boards, Web-based e-mail, services, social networking websites, and sites providing real-time stock market data. Because they require authentication to view the content they are technically an Intranetsite Intranet.

Organized by function a website may be

* a personal website
* a commercial website
* a government website
* a non-profit organization website

It could be the work of an individual, a business or other organization and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred.Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to, HTML and are accessed using a software interface classified as an user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptop computers, PDAs and cell phones.A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these system and that retrieves and delivers the Web pages in response to requests from the website users. Apache is the most commonly used Web server software and Microsoft’s Internet Information Server (IIS) is also commonly used.

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